McDonald: The Judgment Denied Campaign Deductions, With a Divided Rationale

An appointed judge could not deduct the cost of campaigning for a full elected term. In McDonald v. Commissioner, 323 U.S. 57 (1944), five Justices affirmed that result, but only four joined Justice Frankfurter’s explanation. Justice Rutledge concurred in the result; Justice Black and three colleagues dissented. The vote matters when explaining the reasoning, even though modern authority independently denies candidate campaign deductions.

The plurality distinguished the business of performing judicial duties from the expenditure of money to obtain a future elected term. That distinction drove its rejection of several deduction theories; it should not be misrepresented as an undivided Court’s rationale.

An appointed incumbent sought a full elected term

McDonald was appointed to an unexpired Pennsylvania judicial term in December 1938. He then contested the election for a full term. He paid an $8,000 party assessment and $5,017.27 for advertising, printing, travel and related campaigning. He deducted the combined amount on his 1939 return. The Commissioner disallowed it, and the Tax Court and Third Circuit sustained the result. 323 U.S. at 58–59.

The opinion frequently uses reelection language, but a footnote corrects that shorthand: He had been appointed and was seeking election for the first time. McDonald v. Commissioner, 323 U.S. at 64 n.6. He lost. The case does not rest on a finding of corrupt campaigning, and the plurality expressly set corrupt-practices legislation aside.

Performing the office differed from seeking the next term

The plurality accepted that carrying out public-office functions could constitute a trade or business. It nevertheless concluded that the campaign outlays were directed to obtaining the future office, not performing current judicial work. It explained that the contributions were “not expenses incurred in being a judge but in trying to be a judge for the next ten years.” McDonald v. Commissioner, 323 U.S. at 60 (plurality opinion).

Both the direct spending and the party assessment failed under that distinction. The plurality did not need to decide that every campaign expense was a personal expense; it found no affirmative deduction allowance under the provision invoked. McDonald v. Commissioner, 323 U.S. at 59–61. That is a narrower and more accurate description than attributing a comprehensive personal-expense classification to the Court.

Neither electoral defeat nor an income objective supplied the deduction

McDonald also characterized the failed campaign as a loss from a transaction entered into for profit. The plurality reasoned that the expenditure bought an opportunity to persuade voters, not guaranteed electoral success. Losing did not create the claimed deductible loss. McDonald v. Commissioner, 323 U.S. at 61.

He invoked the 1942 amendment allowing specified nonbusiness income-production expenses. The plurality understood it as expanding the categories of income-related activity covered, not opening a new deduction for campaign costs that did not qualify as business expenses. It also rejected a distinction that would favor incumbent campaigns over challengers without statutory support. McDonald v. Commissioner, 323 U.S. at 61–64.

The dissent argued for a different statutory reading

Justice Black’s dissent emphasized the amendment’s income-production language and the legitimacy of seeking taxable compensation through public office. He would have remanded for factual findings about whether the expenses were ordinary and necessary, rather than categorically excluding them. He did not simply direct that all campaign costs be deducted. McDonald v. Commissioner, 323 U.S. at 65–71 (Black, J., dissenting).

The plurality also discussed historical limits on review of Tax Court determinations. That discussion should not be used as a current standard of appellate review. The case’s historical procedural and statutory setting matters even where present law supports the same practical campaign-expense conclusion.

Current treatment requires current authority

Current section 162(e)(1)(B) denies a business deduction for participation or intervention in a political campaign on behalf of or against a candidate. The IRS’s currently served Publication 529, an older edition, expressly addresses the candidate’s own expenses, including primary qualification and registration fees. These sources support the modern analysis without treating the entire 1944 plurality as a majority rationale.

Mishra X’s campaign-cost separation guide addresses the records task. The case explains why prospective salary and incumbency did not establish the deductions claimed here, while its divided rationale remains accurately identified.

Read the primary decision: McDonald v. Commissioner—filed decision PDF.